==========================
                        collected keyboard layouts
                        ==========================

                 by Andrew Main (Zefram) <zefram@fysh.org>

                                2006-01-16

abstract
--------

In order to support research into keyboard design and use, the layouts
of the character keys of a variety of existing keyboards are presented.
The present collection includes 37 keyboards.

notes
=====

The following is a list of layouts of keyboards designed primarily
for typing ASCII.  Keyboards that don't support the complete ASCII set
(such as the Apple II) are not listed.

Only the layout of the normal character keys is shown.  There is no
indication of the placement of special character keys, modifier keys,
function keys, editing keys, and so on.  There is great variation in
the existence and placement of such keys, but they are not important
for the research this collection is intended to support.

Where a keyboard has national variants, the US version is shown.
National variants typically swap some characters round, or add some keys
for non-ASCII characters, or (on older terminals) substitute characters
according to the national variant of ASCII.  These changes are quite
predictable for each country, and are unimportant for the research this
collection is intended to support.

Similarly, every keyboard is shown with a QWERTY layout, to simplify
comparison of key positions.  Most of these keyboards are QWERTY-only.
The ergonomic keyboards cater to Dvorak or other layouts, but all either
are available in a QWERTY version or at least are capable of operating
in a QWERTY mode.

Where keyboards split into two sections, either permanently or adjustably,
the two sections are shown separated.  The relative orientation of the
pieces and the size of the gap between them are not accurately reflected
here.  A couple of the keyboards actually have more keys between the two
halves (e.g., the Maltron ergonomic keyboard places the numeric keypad
here); this is not shown.

the keyboards
=============

conventional PC keyboards
-------------------------

83-key XT keyboard [PCG-XT]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '" `~
      \| zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

84-key AT keyboard [PCG-AT]:

   `~ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+ \|
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

101-key Enhanced PC keyboard [PCG-ENH]:

   `~ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]} \|
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

Microsoft Natural keyboard [MS-NKE]:

   `~ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^       7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT       yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]} \|
        aA sS dD fF gG       hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB       nN mM ,< .> /?

Happy Hacking keyboard [PFU-HHK]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+ \| `~
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

ergonomic PC keyboards
----------------------

TypeMatrix keyboard [TYPEMATRIX]:

   `~ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5%       6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
      qQ wW eE rR tT       yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}
      aA sS dD fF gG       hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
      zZ xX cC vV bB       nN mM ,< .> /? \|

Kinesis contoured ergonomic keyboards [KINESIS]:

   =+ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5%       6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_
      qQ wW eE rR tT       yY uU iI oO pP \|
      aA sS dD fF gG       hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
      zZ xX cC vV bB       nN mM ,< .> /?
      `~                            [{ ]}

Maltron Executive 2D ergonomic keyboard [MALTRON-EX]:

`~ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^       7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
      qQ wW eE rR tT       yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}
      aA sS dD fF gG       hH jJ kK lL ;: '" \|
      zZ xX cC vV bB       nN mM ,< .> /?

Maltron J-type flat ergonomic keyboard [MALTRON-J]:

      1+ 2^ 3# 4$ 5(       6) 7& 8@ 9% 0= ``
   '" qQ wW eE rR tT       yY uU iI oO pP __
      aA sS dD fF gG       hH jJ kK lL ;:
      zZ xX cC vV bB       nN mM ,, .. -?
         \| <{ *[             !] >} /~

Maltron E-type contoured ergonomic keyboard [MALTRON-E]:

      1+ 2^ 3# 4$ 5(       6) 7& 8@ 9% 0= ``
   '" qQ wW eE rR tT       yY uU iI oO pP __
      aA sS dD fF gG       hH jJ kK lL ;:
      zZ xX cC vV bB       nN mM ,, .. -?
         \| <{ *[             !] >} /~

Maltron L-type contoured ergonomic keyboard [MALTRON-L]:

   1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^       7& 8* 9( 0) [{ ]}
   ~` qQ wW eE rR tT       yY uU iI oO pP =+
   '" aA sS dD fF gG       hH jJ kK lL ;: -_
      zZ xX cC vV bB       nN mM ,< .> /?
                              \|

Sun
---

Sun type 2 [PFU-COLL]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+ `~
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '" \|
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

Sun type 3 [PFU-COLL]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+ \| `~
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

Sun type 4 [PFU-COLL]:

                                          \|
      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '" `~
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

Sun type 5c [PFU-COLL]:

   `~ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]} \|
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

Apple
-----

Apple IIe [PFU-COLL]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]} \|
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?
      `~

Macintosh M0110 [PFU-COLL]:

   `~ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]} \|
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

Macintosh M0116 [PFU-COLL]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?
             `~                \|

Apple extended keyboard II [PFU-COLL]:

   `~ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]} \|
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

Apple Macintosh adjustable keyboard [PFU-COLL]:

   `~ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5%       6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT       yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]} \|
        aA sS dD fF gG       hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB       nN mM ,< .> /?

iMac [PFU-COLL]:

   `~ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]} \|
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

Newton [PFU-COLL]:

   `~ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]} \|
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

eMATE [PFU-COLL]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]} \|
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?
        `~

LISP machines
-------------

Space Cadet keyboard [MCMAHON]:

   :: 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0)  -_  =+  {< }>
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP ([ )] `~  \|
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

Symbolics keyboard [PAINE]:

   :: 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+ `~ \{ |}
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP ([ )]
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

KPS Keyboard [KPS]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+ ~{ `}
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP ([ )] *|
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;; :\ '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

text terminals
--------------

Lear Siegler ADM3e [ADM3E-URM]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+ `~
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?       \|

KDS7362 [KDS7362]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+ `~ \|
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP []
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?      {}

DEC VT52 [VT52-MM]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+ `~
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [] \|
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '" {}
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

DEC VT100 [PFU-COLL]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+ `~
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"       \|
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

DEC LK201 (used on VT220 and VT340) [VT220-PRM]:

   `~ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '" \|
      <> zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,, .. /?

DEC LK401 (used on VT420) [VT420-IU]:

   `~ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '" \|
      <> zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

Wyse 520 [VILLENEUVE]:

   `~ 1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '" \|
      <> zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

Televideo 955 [SHUFORD]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+ `~ \|
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP []
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?       {}

miscellaneous
-------------

Knight keyboard [MCMAHON]:

      1! 2" 3# 4$ 5% 6& 7' 8( 9) 0_ -= @` ^~
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]}  \|
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;+ :*
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

NCD Unix97 X-terminal [PFU-COLL]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+ `~
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]} \|
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

DECstation [PFU-COLL]:

      1! 2@ 3# 4$ 5% 6^ 7& 8* 9( 0) -_ =+
       qQ wW eE rR tT yY uU iI oO pP [{ ]} \| `~
        aA sS dD fF gG hH jJ kK lL ;: '"
         zZ xX cC vV bB nN mM ,< .> /?

acknowledgements
================

Peter Paine kindly drew my attention to [KPS].

references
==========

[ADM3E-URM]  Lear Siegler Inc., "ADM 3E Video Display Terminal Users
             Reference Manual", September 1985.

[KDS7362]    Kokusai Display Systems, "KDS7362 Character Display Mark II:
             Functions & Operating Instructions Manual", Aug. 1982.

[KINESIS]    Kinesis Corp., "Contoured Keyboard Model Features"
             (advertisement), <http://www.kinesis-ergo.com/models.htm>.

[KPS]        Peter Paine, "KPS Keyboard", <http://www.asl.dsl.pipex.com/
             kps/kps-keyboard.html>.

[MALTRON-E]  PCD Maltron Ltd, "Maltron Keyboards
             for RSI relief" (advertisement),
             <http://www.maltron.com/maltron-kbd-dual.html>.

[MALTRON-EX] PCD Maltron Ltd, "Maltron Executive
             Keyboard" (advertisement),
             <http://www.maltron.com/maltron-kbd-flat.html>.

[MALTRON-J]  PCD Maltron Ltd, "Maltron J Type Keyboard" (advertisement),
             <http://www.maltron.com/maltron-kbd-jtype.html>.

[MALTRON-L]  PCD Maltron Ltd, "Maltron L Type Fully
             Ergonomic USB Keyboard" (advertisement),
             <http://www.maltron.com/maltron-kbd-ltype-intro.html>.

[MCMAHON]    Mike McMahon, "Some interesting input devices",
             <http://world.std.com/~jdostale/kbd/>.

[MS-NKE]     Microsoft Inc., "Natural Keyboard Elite" (advertisement),
             <http://www.microsoft.com/hardware/keyboard/nke_info.asp>.

[PAINE]      Peter Paine, "Symbolics keyboard",
             <http://www.abstractscience.freeserve.co.uk/
             symbolics/photos/IO/index.html>.

[PCG-AT]     Charles M. Kozierok, "PC Guide: 84-Key AT Keyboard Layout",
             <http://www.pcguide.com/ref/kb/layout/stdAT84-c.html>.

[PCG-ENH]    Charles M. Kozierok, "PC Guide:
             101-Key "Enhanced" Keyboard Layout",
             <http://www.pcguide.com/ref/kb/layout/stdEnh101-c.html>.

[PCG-XT]     Charles M. Kozierok, "PC Guide:
             83-Key PC/XT Keyboard Layout",
             <http://www.pcguide.com/ref/kb/layout/stdXT83-c.html>.

[PFU-COLL]   PFU Systems Inc., "Keyboard Collection",
             <http://shop.store.yahoo.com/pfuca-store/hhkbcolct.html>.

[PFU-HHK]    PFU Systems Inc., "Happy Hacking Keyboard" (advertisement),
             <http://shop.store.yahoo.com/pfuca-store/>.

[SHUFORD]    Richard S. Shuford, "Video Terminal
             Information--Televideo Terminals",
             <http://www.cs.utk.edu/~shuford/terminal/televideo.html>.

[TYPEMATRIX] TypeMatrix, "TypeMatrix home page" (advertisement),
             <http://www.typematrix.com/>.

[VILLENEUVE] Hugo Villeneuve, "Wyse 520 Terminal",
             <http://eintr.net/systems/wyse520/>.

[VT220-PRM]  Digital Equipment Corporation, "VT 220 Programmer Reference
             Manual", <http://vt100.net/docs/vt220-rm/>.

[VT420-IU]   Digital Equipment Corporation, "Installing and Using The
             VT420 Video Terminal", <http://vt100.net/docs/vt420-uu/>.

[VT52-MM]    Digital Equipment Corporation, "VT52 DECscope Maintenance
             Manual", <http://vt100.net/docs/vt52-mm/>.